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Peoplewhoareconstantlydistractedbytheirphonesatworkwilljustfindotherwaystoprocrastinateifitisn'thandy工作时总因手机分心的人,即便手机不在手边,也会找其他方式拖延Puttingyoursmartphoneawayatworkmaynotbeagoodenoughstrategytostopprocrastinating,researcherssaidthisweek.Whilelimitedsmartphoneaccessledtoreduceduse,participantsofarecentstudywerefoundtohavejustshiftedtheirfocustoadifferentdevice.研究人员本周表示,工作时把手机收起来可能并不足以阻止拖延行为。尽管限制使用手机确实能减少使用时间,但最近一项研究的参与者被发现只是将注意力转移到了其他设备上。"Thestudyshowsthatputtingthesmartphoneawaymaynotbesufficienttoreducedisruptionandprocrastination,orincreasefocus,"Dr.MaxiHeitmayer,aresearcherattheLondonSchoolofEconomics,saidinastatement."Theproblemisnotrootedwithinthedeviceitself,butinthehabitsandroutinesthatwehavedevelopedwithourdevices."伦敦政治经济学院的研究员马克西·海特迈尔博士在一份声明中说:“研究表明,把手机收起来可能不足以减少干扰和拖延,或提高专注力,问题并不在于设备本身,而在于我们与设备共同养成的习惯和日常行为。”Heitmayeristheauthorofthestudy,whichwaspublishedinthejournalFrontiersinComputerScience.Thesmallexperimentincluded22participantswholivedandworkedorstudiedinLondon.Themajorityidentifiedasfemaleandwerebetweentheagesof22and31.海特迈尔是这项发表在《计算机科学前沿》杂志上的研究的作者。这项小型实验包括22名在伦敦生活、工作或学习的参与者。大多数人自认为是女性,年龄在22岁至31岁之间。Theywereaskedtoworkfortwodaysinaprivate,soundproofroomandbringalongdevicestheynormallyhavewiththemforwork.Notably,theydidnotmakeanychangestotheirnotificationsettings.他们被要求在一个私密的隔音房间里工作两天,并带上他们平时工作时会携带的设备。值得注意的是,他们没有更改通知设置。Inonetest,thephoneswereplaceddirectlyontheparticipants'desks.Inanother,thephonewasplacedonaseparatedeskjustaroundfivefeetaway.Whenthephonewasfurtheraway,researchersfounditwasusedless,buttheattentionjustshiftedtothecloserlaptop.在一项测试中,手机被直接放在参与者的桌子上。在另一项测试中,手机被放在大约五英尺外的另一张桌子上。当手机放得更远时,研究人员发现它的使用频率降低了,但注意力只是转移到了更近的笔记本电脑上。"It'syourconnectionwithlovedonesandwithwork.It'syournavigationsystem,alarmclock,musicplayer,andsourceofinformation.Unsurprisingly,peopleturntothetoolthatdoeseverything,"Heitmayernoted."Evenifyouhavenoclearpurpose,youknowithasyoursocialsandcanprovideentertainment."海特迈尔指出:“它与你的亲人、工作联系息息相关。它是你的导航系统、闹钟、音乐播放器和信息来源。毫不奇怪,人们会求助于这个无所不能的工具,即使你没有明确的目的,你也知道它连接着你的社交网络,还能提供娱乐。”Therearethingspeoplecandotofightthedisruptions.Theycansettheirnotificationstoarriveatcertaintimes.Theycansilencetheirphones.人们可以采取一些措施来对抗这些干扰。他们可以将通知设置为在特定时间接收,也可以将手机调至静音。But,thepullisprettystrong – especiallywiththeallureofsocialmediaapps.Morethan40percentofAmericansadmitbeingaddictedtotheirphones,accordinga2023studyfromReviews.org.但手机的吸引力相当大——尤其是社交媒体应用的诱惑。根据 Reviews.org2023年的一项研究,超过40%的美国人承认自己对手机上瘾。"Thereisaveryunequalbattlefoughtouteverysingledaybyeachandeveryoneofuswhenweuseourphones,"Heitmayerexplained.海特迈尔解释说:“当我们使用手机时,我们每一个人每天都在进行一场非常不平等的战斗。”"Thethingsinsidephonesthatarethebiggestattentionsinksaredevelopedbylargecorporationswhogreatlyprofitfromourfailuretoresistthetemptationtousethem;allofthisisliterallybydesign,"hesaid.他说:“手机里那些最吸引我们注意力的东西,是由大公司开发的,它们从我们无法抵制使用诱惑的失败中获得了巨大利润;所有这些都是经过精心设计的。”
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Low-leveldrinkershaveincreasedcancerandcardiovascularrisk,studyfinds研究发现,少量饮酒也会增加患癌和心血管疾病风险Low-leveldrinkingcanincreaseyourchancesofcancerandcardiovasculardisease,accordingtoanewstudy.ResearchconductedbytheBehaviouralInsightsTeam,onbehalfofthecharityAlcoholChangeUK,examinedthedrinkinghabitsofmorethan4,000UKadults.一项新的研究发现,少量饮酒会增加患癌和心血管疾病的风险。受英国酒精改变慈善机构委托,行为洞察团队对4000多名英国成年人的饮酒习惯展开了调查。ItfoundthatpeoplewhoconsumedalcoholwithintheNHSguidelineshadworsehealththannon-drinkers.Comparedtopeoplewhoneverconsumedalcohol,ratesofcardiovasculardiseaseincreasedfrom1%to5%,andforcancer,itwentfrom1%to4%.研究发现,饮酒量在国民保健署建议范围内的人,其健康状况比不饮酒的人更差。与从不饮酒的人相比,心血管疾病发病率从1%上升到5%,癌症发病率从1%上升到4%。Thestudyalsofound"low-risk"drinkersreportedreducedsleepquality,worsedailyfunctioning,andpoorerdentalhealth,comparedtothosewhoneverconsumealcohol.Withmorethan30millionpeopleintheUKdrinkingattheselevels,campaignersarecallingforpeopletorethinktheirhabits.研究还发现,与从不饮酒的人相比,“低风险”饮酒者报告称,他们的睡眠质量下降、日常功能受损、牙齿健康状况也更差。由于英国有3000多万人饮酒量处于这一水平,活动人士呼吁人们重新思考自己的饮酒习惯。DrRichardPiper,chiefexecutiveofAlcoholChangeUK,said:"Fordecades,we'vefallenpreytoabinarybutfalseideathat'drinkingproblems'onlyaffectaminorityofpeoplewithalcoholdependence.Butasthisresearchmakesclear,alcoholistakingatollonourhealthandwellbeingrightacrossthedrinkingspectrum,evenat'low-risk'levels."英国酒精改变慈善机构首席执行官理查德·派珀博士表示:“几十年来,我们一直陷入了一个二元但错误的观念,即‘饮酒问题’只影响少数有酒精依赖的人。但正如这项研究所表明的,酒精正在对整个饮酒人群的健康和福祉造成损害,即便是‘低风险’水平的饮酒。”TheNHSrecommendsthatpeopleshouldnotconsumemorethansixpintsofmedium-strengthbeeror10smallglassesoflower-strengthwineaweek,butscientistswarnthatitisthewaysomepeopleconsumethosevolumesofalcoholwhichcanbeproblematicfortheirhealth.国民保健署建议,人们每周饮酒量不应超过6品脱中等强度啤酒或10小杯低度葡萄酒,但科学家警告称,一些人饮酒的方式可能对他们的健康构成问题。ProfessorDavidNutt,aformergovernmentchiefdrugsadviser,saidsomeview14unitsaweekasatargetandothersbingedrink.Therearepeoplewhothink,'I'vegot14units,IcanhavesevendrinksonaFriday,sevenonaSaturday,that'sokay'.前政府首席毒品顾问戴维·纳特教授表示,有些人将每周14个酒精单位视为目标,而另一些人则酗酒。有些人会想,‘我有14个酒精单位,我可以在周五喝7杯,周六再喝7杯,这没关系’。Weknowthatdrinkingthemaximumallowanceinoneortwogoesisverydangerous.Thatiswherethedatabecomesquitecomplicatedbecausesomeoftheharmsareundoubtedlymagnifiedbybingedrinkingwithinthatlow-riskweeklylevel.我们知道,一次性或分两次喝完最大允许饮酒量是非常危险的。数据变得相当复杂,因为在低风险每周饮酒量内,酗酒无疑会放大一些危害。NathanEades,37,runstwohigh-endpubsinCheltenhamandusedtoregularlydrinklargequantitiesofalcohol,buthasrecentlychangedhishabits.37岁的内森·伊兹在切尔滕纳姆经营着两家高端酒吧,他过去经常大量饮酒,但最近改变了自己的习惯。"Beingabletocutalcoholfromhavingfive,sixpintsattheendofashifttomaybeonevodkasoda,twovodkasodasaweekhasreallyhelpedbenefitusasabusinessandmeasaperson,"hesaid."Afteryouhaveprobablyhadonetoomany,howdoyourfamilytakeit?Howareyourco-workersinteractingwithyou?Howaretheyfeelingwithyourmoodswings,brainfogandirrationality?Thatistheareawhichweallneedtobeabitmoremindfulof."他说:“能够从每班结束后喝五六品脱酒,减少到每周可能只喝一两杯伏特加苏打水,这真的对我们的生意和我个人都有好处。在你可能喝得太多之后,你的家人会怎么看待你?你的同事会怎么与你互动?他们对你情绪波动、头脑不清醒和不理智的行为有何感受?这是我们都需要更加留意的地方。”AlcoholChangeUKiscallingonthegovernmenttointroducehealthrisklabellingonalcoholaswellasmarketingrestrictionssothatpeoplehavemoreinformationaboutwhattheyareconsumingandarenotsoregularlybeingencouragedtobuydrinks.ButdrinkersincentralLondonsaidthattheywerescepticalthatlabellingwouldhelp.英国酒精改变慈善机构呼吁政府推出酒精健康风险标签以及营销限制措施,以便人们能更了解自己所饮用的酒精饮品,并且不会经常被诱导购买酒类。但伦敦市中心的饮酒者表示,他们对标签是否有用持怀疑态度。Onesaidthat"everynowandthenit'squitenicetoenjoyadrinkandnotworryaboutit...sometimesyouputtoomanywarningsandconstantlytellingpeoplethateverything'sbadforthemisalsodangerous".其中一人表示:“偶尔享受一杯酒,不用担心……有时候过多的警告和不断告诉人们一切对他们都有害也是危险的。”Anothersaidpeopleare"generallystuckinourhabits.IhaveadrinkafewtimesaweekandIknowdrinking'snotgoodforme,sosomethingonabottlesaying'drinking'snotgoodforyou',Idon'tthinkwillchangethat".另一人表示,人们“通常都困在自己的习惯里。我每周会喝几次酒,我知道喝酒对我不好,所以酒瓶上写着‘喝酒对你不好’,我不认为这会改变什么”。Athirdsaiddrinkingalcoholwas"acalculatedrisk"formostpeople."Peoplearen'tgoingintherehavingapinttobehealthy,they'regoingintheretohavefunandhangoutwithfriends,"theysaid.还有一个人表示,对大多数人来说,饮酒是“一种经过计算的风险”。他们说:“人们喝酒不是为了健康,而是为了找乐子和与朋友聚会。”ADepartmentofHealthandSocialCarespokespersonsaid:"Werecognisetheneedforurgentactiontoreversetheunacceptablelevelsofalcoholharmanddeaths.AspartofourPlanforChange,weareshiftingourfocusfromsicknesstoprevention,prioritisingearlyinterventionandhealthmeasurestosupportpeopletolivelonger,healthierlivesacrosstheUK."英国卫生与社会保障部发言人表示:“我们认识到,需要采取紧急行动来扭转不可接受的酒精危害和死亡水平。作为我们变革计划的一部分,我们正在将重点从治疗转向预防,优先考虑早期干预和健康措施,以支持全英国人民过上更长、更健康的生活。”
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Canchewinggumimpactyourmemory?Studysaysithasmicroplastics嚼口香糖会影响记忆力吗?研究显示其含有微塑料Chewinggumisapopularhabit,usuallyassociatedwithfreshbreathandbetterconcentration.ButrecentresearchbytheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)showsthatwitheachpieceofgumchewed,youcouldunknowinglybeingestingthousandsoftinyplasticpieces.Thesemicroplasticscanimpactyournervoussystem.嚼口香糖是一种常见习惯,通常与清新口气和增强专注力相关联。然而,加州大学洛杉矶分校最近的研究表明,每嚼一片口香糖,你可能在不知不觉中摄入了数千个微小的塑料颗粒。这些微塑料会对你的神经系统造成影响。"Contrarytotheoriginalgumbasedontreesap,moderngumbaseisvirtuallyplastic.Mostchewinggumstodayhavesyntheticpolymerssuchaspolyethyleneandpolyvinylacetate,substancesusedofteninplasticbagsandglues.Asyouchew,frictionandsalivaslowlydecomposethesurfaceofthegum,sendingthousandsoftinyplasticparticlesintoyourmouth.Theseparticlesmixwithsalivaandareeitherswallowedorabsorbedbythebody,"saysDrAdityaGupta,Director,Neurosurgery&Cyberknife,ArtemisHospital,Gurugram.古尔冈阿耳忒弥斯医院神经外科与网络刀中心主任阿迪蒂亚·古普塔博士说:“与现代基于合成材料的口香糖不同,最初的口香糖是以树液为基础的。如今,大多数口香糖都含有聚乙烯和聚醋酸乙烯酯等合成聚合物,这些物质常用于塑料袋和胶水中。当你咀嚼时,摩擦和唾液会慢慢分解口香糖的表面,将数千个微小的塑料颗粒送入你的口中。这些颗粒与唾液混合,要么被吞下,要么被身体吸收。”Eventhoughstudiesonmicroplasticsingumarefewatthispoint,studiesofothersourcesofmicroplasticexposureindicatethatbrainhealthmaybeatrisk.Microplasticparticleshavebeenknowntobreachbiologicalbarriersliketheliningofthegutand,insomeinstances,eventheblood-brainbarrier.Thisisseriousbusinessintermsofwhattheymightdotothenervoussystem.尽管目前关于口香糖中微塑料的研究还不多,但其他来源的微塑料暴露研究表明,大脑健康可能面临风险。已知微塑料颗粒能够突破生物屏障,如肠道内壁,在某些情况下,甚至能突破血脑屏障。就它们可能对神经系统造成的影响而言,这是一个严重的问题。Thestudy,whichiscurrentlyunderpeerreview,hasfoundthat100microplasticswerereleasedbyeverygramofgum.Someproductsreleasedupto600microplasticspergram.Soifthepieceofgumisofabiggersize,itcouldreleasemorethan1,000microplasticsintoourmouths,whichwewouldswallow.Hencetheconcern.这项目前正在接受同行评审的研究发现,每克口香糖会释放100个微塑料。有些产品每克甚至能释放多达600个微塑料。因此,如果口香糖块头更大,它可能会向我们的口中释放超过1000个微塑料,而这些微塑料会被我们吞下。因此,这引起了人们的担忧。Microplasticshavethepotentialtocauseanimmunereactioninthebody,resultinginlong-terminflammation.BraininflammationhasbeenassociatedwithneurodegenerativediseasessuchasAlzheimer'sandParkinson's.微塑料有可能在人体内引发免疫反应,导致长期炎症。大脑炎症与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等神经退行性疾病有关。Exposuretomicroplasticscanalsoraiseoxidativestress,aprocessthatharmsnervecellsandspeedsupbrainageing.Thiscan,overtime,impairmentalfunctionsandtriggerneurologicaldisorders.接触微塑料还会增加氧化应激,这一过程会损害神经细胞并加速大脑衰老。随着时间的推移,这可能会损害精神功能并引发神经系统疾病。Someplasticpiecesareendocrinedisruptors,interferingwithbrain-function-regulatinghormones.Thismayinfluencemood,cognitionandevenmemory.Althoughthelong-termconsequenceofmicroplasticsfromgumisnotwellknown,repeatedexposurefrommanysourcesdoesimpactbrainhealth.一些塑料颗粒是内分泌干扰物,会干扰调节大脑功能的激素。这可能会影响情绪、认知甚至记忆力。尽管口香糖中的微塑料对健康的长期影响尚不清楚,但来自多个来源的反复接触确实会影响大脑健康。Thenervoussystemisverysensitivetotoxins.Studiesinanimalsindicatethatexposuretomicroplasticscanaffectlearning,memoryandmotorskills.Althoughhumanresearchcontinuestoprogress,itisimportanttobemindfulofpossiblehazards,particularlyforthosewhochewgumfrequently.神经系统对毒素非常敏感。动物研究表明,接触微塑料会影响学习、记忆和运动技能。尽管人类研究仍在继续,但重要的是要意识到可能存在的危害,尤其是对于那些经常嚼口香糖的人来说。Whileadditionalresearchisrequiredtoidentifythefullrangeofrisks,cuttingbackonplastic-basedchewinggumusemightbeagoodidea.虽然还需要进一步的研究来确定微塑料带来的全部风险,但减少使用基于塑料的口香糖可能是一个好主意。Switchingtonaturalgumproductsproducedfromchicle,aplantresin,canreduceexposuretomicroplastics.Buttheyshouldnotbeprocessed.Eatingadietthatincludeshighlevelsofantioxidantscanalsooffsetoxidativestressduetoexposuretoenvironmentaltoxins.改用由天然树胶(一种植物树脂)制成的天然口香糖产品可以减少微塑料的暴露。但它们不应经过加工。食用富含抗氧化剂的食物也可以抵消因接触环境毒素而产生的氧化应激。
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Whyhavegoldpriceshitrecordhighs?金价为何创下历史新高?Goldhasbeenreachingrecordhighsoflate,withthepriceofspotgoldhitting$3,357.40(£2,532)perounceforthefirsttimeeveronWednesday.Itmarkedariseofaround$700(£528)thisyearandcomesatatimeofsignificantuncertaintyoverDonaldTrump'stariffsonimportsintotheUS.近期,金价持续攀升,周三现货黄金价格首次突破每盎司3,357.40美元(约合2,532英镑),创下历史新高。今年以来,金价已上涨约700美元(约合528英镑),而此时正值唐纳德·特朗普对进口美国商品加征关税引发重大不确定性之际。Thatisnocoincidence.That'sbecausegoldisatangiblecommodity-aphysicalgoodthatcanbeboughtandsold.Goldpricesfellmorethan1%onThursdayafterasharpriseintheprevioussessionasinvestorsbookedprofitsaheadofalongEasterweekend.这并非巧合。因为黄金是一种有形商品——一种可以买卖的实物。在经历前一交易日的大幅上涨后,投资者在复活节长周末前纷纷获利了结,导致周四金价下跌逾1%。Anestimated3,000tonnesareminedeachyear,withChinaminingthemostgoldin2024,followedbyRussia,CanadaandtheUS.AndtheBankofEnglandholdstheworld'ssecondbiggestknowntrove,withroughly400,000goldbarsworthbillionsofpoundssittinginitsvaults.据估计,每年开采的黄金约为3,000吨,其中中国在2024年的黄金开采量位居榜首,其次是俄罗斯、加拿大和美国。英格兰银行拥有世界上第二大已知的黄金储备,其金库中存放着约40万根金条,价值数十亿英镑。Sowhyisitgoingupinvalue?Thepreciousmetalisknownasa"safehaven"-anassetthattypicallyretainsorincreasesinvalueduringtimesofmarketturbulenceoreconomicuncertainty.那么,黄金的价值为何会上涨呢?这种贵金属被称为“避风港”——在市场动荡或经济不确定时期,其价值通常会保持或增加。Investorstypicallyflocktosafehavenstoprotecttheircapitalfromlosseswhenmarketsarevolatile.Soit'sperhapsnosurprisethatitsvaluehasskyrocketedatatimewhenmarketsaroundtheworldhavebeenunsettledbytheintroductionandtemporaryrollingbackofsomeUStariffs.当市场波动时,投资者通常会涌向避风港资产,以保护自己的资本免受损失。因此,在全球市场因美国加征关税及随后暂时取消部分关税而动荡不安之际,黄金价值飙升或许并不令人意外。"Goldremainsheavilysupportedbyabroadlyweakerdollar,uncertaintyaroundtariffannouncementsandfearsaboutaglobalrecession,"saidLukmanOtunuga,seniorresearchanalystatonlinetradingbrokerFXTM.在线交易经纪商 FXTM 的高级研究分析师卢克曼·奥图努加表示:“黄金仍受到美元普遍走弱、关税公告的不确定性以及全球衰退担忧的强烈支撑。”Singapore-baseddealerGoldSilvercentralmanagingdirectorBrianLanadded:"Goldwillcontinuetobestrongaslongasthere'suncertainty."总部位于新加坡的交易商 GoldSilver 中央董事总经理布莱恩·兰补充道:“只要存在不确定性,黄金就会继续走强。”GoldsawasimilarsurgeatthestartoftheCOVID-19pandemic,buthasbeenonanupwardtrendforyears.Thoseinfavourofinvestingingoldargueitcanservetodiversifyandbalanceyourinvestmentportfolio,aswellasmitigatepossiblerisksdowntheroad.在新冠疫情初期,黄金也曾出现类似的大幅上涨,但多年来一直呈上升趋势。支持投资黄金的人认为,黄金可以分散和平衡投资组合,并减轻未来可能出现的风险。Somealsotakecomfortinbuyingsomethingtangiblethathasthepotentialtoincreaseinvalueovertime,andwhichisn'tdirectlytiedtoglobalcurrencies.Butgoldscepticswarnpeopletobewary.有些人还乐于购买这种有形资产,因为它有可能随着时间的推移而增值,并且不直接与全球货币挂钩。但黄金怀疑论者则提醒人们要谨慎。TheCommodityFuturesTradeCommissionhaspreviouslywarnedthatpreciousmetalscanbehighlyvolatile,andpricesriseasdemandgoesup-meaning"wheneconomicanxietyorinstabilityishigh,thepeoplewhotypicallyprofitfrompreciousmetalsarethesellers".商品期货交易委员会此前曾警告称,贵金属可能高度波动,价格随需求上涨而上涨——这意味着“当经济焦虑或不稳定加剧时,通常从贵金属中获利的是卖家”。Itaddsthatifyoudochoosetoinvestingold,it'simportanttoeducateyourselfonsafetradingpracticesandbecautiousofpotentialscamsandcounterfeitsonthemarket.Andwhilegoldbeingatangiblecurrencyisinmanywaysseenasaplus,italsomeansitcanrunout;andsomeanalystsestimateitwilldosoinlessthanthreedecades.该委员会还补充说,如果你选择投资黄金,重要的是要了解安全的交易做法,并警惕市场上潜在的诈骗和假货。虽然黄金作为一种有形货币在许多方面被视为加分项,但这也意味着它可能会耗尽;一些分析师估计,黄金将在不到三十年的时间内耗尽。
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WillNewRulesSaveLivesonMountEverest?新规能否拯救珠峰上的生命?ExperiencedclimbersofMountEverestarewonderingifnewproposedruleswilldealwiththerootcausesofdeathsontheworld'stallestmountain.经验丰富的珠穆朗玛峰登山者正疑惑,新拟定的规则能否解决这座世界最高峰上死亡事故的根源问题。Theproposals,ifapprovedbythegovernmentofNepal,wouldaddstepstothepermittingprocessforclimbers.AmericanmountaineersEdViestursandAlanArnettesaidthemeasuresareunlikelytostopinexperiencedclimbersfromtryingtotravelupMountEverest.这些提议若获尼泊尔政府批准,将会为登山者的许可证申请流程增加更多环节。美国登山家埃德·维斯特尔斯和艾伦·阿内特表示,这些措施不太可能阻止缺乏经验的登山者尝试攀登珠峰。Thisyear,elevenclimbersdiedwhiletryingtoclimbthe8,850-meterhighmountain.ManyofthemdiedinlateMayaftertheywerestuckina"trafficjam"nearitssummit.Viesturssaidthatmanyteamstriedtoreachthesummitassoonastheyheardpredictionsofgoodweather.今年,有11名登山者在试图攀登这座海拔8850米的高山时不幸遇难。其中许多人是在5月下旬被困在接近山顶的“交通拥堵”区域后丧生的。维斯特尔斯称,许多登山队一听到天气预报说天气良好,就争先恐后地试图登顶。"Everyoneisafraidofmissingwhatmightbetheoneandonlyperfectday.Therearetypicallyseveralgoodsummitdays,butthere'spressuretogowheneveryoneelsegoes,"hesaid.他说道:“大家都生怕错过可能是唯一一个绝佳的登顶日。通常会有几个不错的登顶日,但当所有人都选择行动时,你也会感受到压力,不得不跟着出发。”Traditionally,Nepalhasgivenclimbingpermitstoanyonepreparedtopayafeeof$11,000.Thisyear,thegovernmentapprovedarecord381permits.按照传统,尼泊尔会向任何愿意支付1.1万美元费用的人发放登山许可证。今年,该国政府批准了创纪录的381份许可证。WithessentialSherpasandguidesadded,morethan800peopleweretryingtoreachthesummitduringtheshortweatherwindow.Theovercrowdingledtodeadlydelaysinwhatisknownasthe"deathzone,"theareaabove8,000meters.再加上必不可少的夏尔巴向导和普通向导,在短暂的天气窗口期内,有800多人试图登顶。过度拥挤导致在海拔8000米以上的“死亡地带”出现了致命的延误。Italsoraisedconcernsthatguidecompanieswereurginginexperiencedmountaineerstoattempttheclimb.Amongthesuggestedchangesisaruleforclimberstohaveacertifieddoctorprepareareportontheirmedicalhistoryandgeneralhealth.AnothersuggestedrequirementisthatclimbersprovideevidencetheyhaveclimbedanothertallmountaininNepal.这也引发了人们的担忧,即登山向导公司正在怂恿缺乏经验的登山者尝试攀登珠峰。在建议的改革措施中,有一项规定要求登山者必须由一名有资质的医生出具一份关于其病史和整体健康状况的报告。另一项建议要求登山者提供证据,证明他们曾攀登过尼泊尔境内的另一座高山。Theproposalshavebeenofferedtothecabinetforapproval,saidMiraAcharya,whooverseesclimbingactivitiesforNepal'sDepartmentofTourism.Thegovernmenthasyettosaywhenthelawsmighttakeeffect.尼泊尔旅游部负责登山活动的官员米拉·阿查里亚表示,这些提议已提交内阁批准,但政府尚未说明这些法律何时可能生效。Viesturssaidtheproposedchangeswillnotdoenoughtostopthe"groupthink"mentalitythatledtothetrafficjaminlateMay.Hesaidclimbleadersatbasecampalsoneededtoconsiderhowtofixtheproblem.维斯特尔斯表示,拟议的改革措施并不足以遏制导致5月下旬“交通拥堵”的“从众”心态。他说,大本营的登山领队也需要考虑如何解决这一问题。"Iknowseveralclimberswhowaiteduntillaterandhadthemountainalmosttothemselves,"Viesturssaidofthe2019climbingseason."Wereallyneedtoanswerwhysomanypeopleareonthesummitridgeonthesameday?Howcanyoucontrolit?"维斯特尔斯在谈到2019年的登山季时说:“我知道有几位登山者等到后面才出发,结果几乎独享了整座山峰。我们真的需要弄清楚,为什么同一天会有这么多人出现在山顶山脊上?又该如何控制这一局面呢?”
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HeavyChatGPTuserstendtobemorelonely,suggestsresearch高频使用 ChatGPT 的用户往往更孤独HeavyusersofChatGPTtendtobelonelier,moreemotionallydependentontheAItoolandhavefewerofflinesocialrelationships,newresearchsuggests.最新研究指出,频繁使用 ChatGPT 的用户不仅更容易感到孤独,还可能在情感上愈发依赖这一 AI 工具,同时其线下社交圈也相对更为狭窄。OnlyasmallnumberofusersengageemotionallywithChatGPT,butthosewhodoareamongtheheaviestusers,accordingtoapairofstudiesfromOpenAIandtheMITMediaLab.根据 OpenAI 与麻省理工学院媒体实验室联合开展的两项研究,尽管只有少数用户会与 ChatGPT 建立起情感联系,但这类用户恰恰是使用频率最高的群体。Theresearcherswrotethattheuserswhoengagedinthemostemotionallyexpressivepersonalconversationswiththechatbotstendedtoexperiencehigherloneliness –thoughitisn'tclearifthisiscausedbythechatbotorbecauselonelypeopleareseekingemotionalbonds.研究人员在报告中指出,那些与聊天机器人进行深度情感交流的用户,往往孤独感更为强烈。不过,目前尚无法确定这是聊天机器人本身所导致的结果,还是孤独人群在主动寻求情感慰藉。Whiletheresearchershavestressedthatthestudiesarepreliminary,theyaskpressingquestionsabouthowAIchatbottools,whichaccordingtoOpenAIisusedbymorethan400millionpeopleaweek,areinfluencingpeople'sofflinelives.尽管研究人员强调这些研究尚处于初步阶段,但它们无疑提出了一个亟待解答的问题:鉴于 OpenAI 透露,每周有超过4亿人使用人工智能聊天机器人工具,那么这些工具究竟是如何影响人们的线下生活的呢?Theresearchers,whoplantosubmitbothstudiestopeer-reviewedjournals,foundthatparticipantswho"bonded"withChatGPT – typicallyinthetop10%fortimespentwiththetool – weremorelikelythanotherstobelonely,andtorelyonitmore.研究人员计划将这两项研究提交至同行评审期刊。他们发现,与 ChatGPT 建立起“情感纽带”的参与者(即使用该工具时间最长的前10%用户)相较于其他用户,更容易陷入孤独,且对聊天机器人的依赖程度也更高。Theresearchersestablishedacomplexpictureintermsoftheimpact.Voice-basedchatbotsinitiallyappearedtohelpmitigatelonelinesscomparedwithtext-basedchatbots,butthisadvantagestartedtoslipthemoresomeoneusedthem.在探讨这些工具对用户的影响时,研究人员勾勒出了一幅复杂的图景。相较于基于文本的聊天机器人,基于语音的聊天机器人在初期似乎更有助于缓解用户的孤独感。然而,随着使用频率的增加,这一优势逐渐减弱。Afterusingthechatbotforfourweeks,femalestudyparticipantswereslightlylesslikelytosocialisewithpeoplethantheirmalecounterparts.ParticipantswhointeractedwithChatGPT'svoicemodeinagenderthatwasnottheirownfortheirinteractionsreportedsignificantlyhigherlevelsoflonelinessandmoreemotionaldependencyonthechatbotattheendoftheexperiment.在使用聊天机器人四周后,女性研究参与者的社交意愿相较于男性参与者有所降低。实验结束时,那些选择使用与自己性别不符的语音模式与 ChatGPT 互动的参与者,其孤独感显著增强,对聊天机器人的情感依赖也更为严重。Inthefirststudy,theresearchersanalysedreal-worlddatafromcloseto40minteractionswithChatGPT,andthenaskedthe4,076userswhohadthoseinteractionshowtheyfelt.在第一项研究中,研究人员对近4000万次与 ChatGPT 的互动数据进行了深入分析,并随后询问了这4076名参与互动的用户他们的真实感受。Forthesecondstudy,theMediaLabrecruitedalmost1,000peopletotakepartinafour-weektrialexamininghowparticipantsinteractedwithChatGPTforaminimumoffiveminuteseachday.Participantsthencompletedaquestionnairetomeasuretheirfeelingsofloneliness,levelsofsocialengagement,andemotionaldependenceonthebot.而在第二项研究中,媒体实验室招募了近1000名志愿者,进行了一项为期四周的试验。该试验旨在考察参与者每天至少与 ChatGPT 互动五分钟的情况。试验结束后,参与者需填写一份问卷,以评估他们的孤独感、社交参与度以及对聊天机器人的情感依赖程度。Thefindingsechoearlierresearch,forexamplein2023MITMediaLabresearchersfoundthatchatbotstendedtomirrortheemotionalsentimentofauser'smessages – happiermessagesledtohappierresponses.这些发现与早期的研究成果不谋而合。例如,2023年麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究就曾指出,聊天机器人往往会模仿用户消息中的情感倾向——即用户发送更快乐的消息时,聊天机器人也会给出更积极的回应。DrAndrewRogoyski,adirectorattheSurreyInstituteforPeople-CentredArtificialIntelligence,saidthatbecausepeoplewerehard-wiredtothinkofamachinebehavinginhuman-likewaysasahuman,AIchatbotscouldbe"dangerous",andfarmoreresearchwasneededtounderstandtheirsocialandemotionalimpacts.萨里以人为本人工智能研究所主任安德鲁·罗戈伊斯基博士对此表示忧虑。他认为,由于人类天生会将表现得像人类一样的机器视为同类,因此人工智能聊天机器人可能潜藏着巨大的风险。他强调,为了深入了解这些工具的社会和情感影响,还需要开展更多的研究。"Inmyopinion,wearedoingopen-brainsurgeryonhumans,pokingaroundwithourbasicemotionalwiringwithnoideaofthelong-termconsequences.We'veseensomeofthedownsidesofsocialmedia – thisispotentiallymuchmorefar-reaching,"hesaid.他警告称:“在我看来,我们目前的行为无异于对人类进行一场无知的‘开颅手术’,随意摆弄着人们的基本情感线路,却对可能产生的长期后果一无所知。我们已经目睹了社交媒体所带来的种种弊端,而人工智能聊天机器人的潜在影响可能更为深远且复杂。”DrTheodoreCosco,aresearcherattheUniversityofOxford,saidtheresearchraised"validconcernsaboutheavychatbotusage",thoughhenotedit"opensthedoortoexcitingandencouragingpossibilities".牛津大学研究员西奥多·科斯科博士则认为,这项研究虽然提出了对高频使用聊天机器人的合理担忧,但同时也为探索人工智能的积极应用提供了新的视角。"TheideathatAIsystemscanoffermeaningfulsupport — particularlyforthosewhomayotherwisefeelisolated — isworthexploring.However,wemustbethoughtfulandintentionalinhowweintegratethesetoolsintoeverydaylife."他强调:“人工智能系统确实有可能为那些感到孤立的人提供有意义的支持。然而,在将这些工具融入日常生活的过程中,我们必须保持谨慎和深思熟虑的态度。”DrDorisDippold,whoresearchesinterculturalcommunicationattheUniversityofSurrey,saiditwouldbeimportanttoestablishwhatcausedemotionaldependenceonchatbots."Aretheycausedbythefactthatchattingtoabottiesuserstoalaptoporaphoneandthereforeremovesthemfromauthenticsocialinteraction?Orisitthesocialinteraction,courtesyofChatGPToranotherdigitalcompanion,whichmakespeoplecravemore?"萨里大学专注于跨文化交际研究的多丽丝·迪波尔德博士则指出,确定人们为何会对聊天机器人产生情感依赖至关重要。“是因为与聊天机器人聊天让用户被束缚在电子设备前,从而远离了真实的社交互动吗?还是因为 ChatGPT 或其他数字伴侣所提供的社交体验让人们欲罢不能呢?”
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Arevacationsworthit?度假真的值得吗?Vacationscansometimesseemlikemoretroublethanthey’reworthwhenyoucomehometoafullinboxandafirehoseofproblemsrequiringimmediateattention.当你度假归来,迎接你的是满当当的收件箱和一堆亟待解决的棘手问题时,度假似乎有时显得得不偿失。Butpeoplewhoskipvacationsmaybemissingoutonimportanthealthbenefits,accordingtoagrowingbodyofresearchlinkingregulargetawaystoeverythingfrombetterhearthealthtoalowerriskofmetabolicdisordersandevenalongerlife.然而,越来越多的研究表明,规律度假对健康大有裨益,从改善心脏健康、降低代谢疾病风险,甚至到延长寿命,不一而足。因此,那些放弃度假的人可能正错失这些重要的健康益处。A2025reviewof32previousstudiesintheJournalofAppliedPsychologyalsofoundthattheimmediateeffectsonwell-beingaremoreprofoundandlong-lastingthanpreviouslythought.2025年,《应用心理学杂志》对32项先前的研究进行了综述,发现度假对福祉的即时影响比人们之前认为的更为深远且持久。Amongthefindingsinonelongitudinalstudythatfollowedmorethan12,000menathighriskofcoronaryheartdisease:Thosewhotookavacationeveryyearoveranine-yearperiodreducedtheiroverallriskofdeathbyabout20percentandtheirriskofdeathfromheartdiseasebyasmuchas30percent,accordingtothestudy’smainauthor,BrooksB.Gump,aprofessorofpublichealthatSyracuseUniversity,whostudiesthehealtheffectsoftakingvacations.在一项对12000多名冠心病高风险男性进行的长达九年的纵向研究中,研究主要作者、雪城大学研究度假健康效应的公共卫生学教授布鲁克斯·B·冈普发现:那些每年都坚持度假的人,总体死亡风险降低了约20%,因心脏病死亡的风险更是降低了高达30%。Otherresearchershaveidentifiedlinksbetweentakingvacationsandfewerstress-relatedphysicalcomplaints,lowerlevelsofexhaustionanddepression,andgreaterhappinessandwell-being.其他研究人员也发现,度假与更少的压力相关身体不适、更低的疲惫和抑郁水平,以及更高的幸福感和福祉感之间存在关联。Evenshortbreakshavehealthpayoffs.Whenmiddlemanagerswereassignedtoeithertakeafour-dayvacationortaketimeoffathome,thosewholefttownreportedgreaterpositiveeffectsonstressandwell-being,accordingtoresearchersatAustria’sUniversityforHealthSciences,MedicalInformaticsandTechnology.Andunlikeatanline,thevacation “afterglow” continuedforaslongas45dayspost-vacation.即便是短暂的休假,也对健康大有裨益。奥地利健康科学、医学信息学与技术大学的研究人员发现,当中层管理人员被分配到为期四天的度假或在家休息时,那些离开所在城市的人报告称,度假对缓解压力和提升福祉有更显著的积极影响。而且,与晒痕不同,度假的“余晖”效应在度假结束后仍能持续长达45天。Notsurprisingly,vacationsmayalsohelppaydownasleepdebt,longassociatedwithagreaterriskofobesityanddiabetes,a2022studyinNatureHumanBehaviorsuggests.ResearchersreliedondatacollectedfromSonySmartBandswornbysome20,000people,covering218,000nightsoftravel,someofwhichmayhavebeenforbusiness.毫不意外的是,2022年《自然·人类行为》杂志上的一项研究表明,度假还有助于偿还“睡眠债”。长期睡眠不足与肥胖和糖尿病风险增加有关。研究人员利用约20000人佩戴的索尼智能手环收集的数据,覆盖了21.8万个夜晚的出行记录,其中部分出行可能是出于商务目的。Amongthetravelers,peoplewhoweresleep-deprived-sleepinglessthan7.5hoursanight-clockedmorehoursofsleepwhentheywereawayfromhome.(Peoplewhotypicallygotmorethan7.5hoursnightlytendedtosleeplesswellontheroad.)在这些旅行者中,那些睡眠不足(每晚睡眠少于7.5小时)的人,在离家旅行时睡眠时间更长。(而那些每晚睡眠超过7.5小时的人,在旅途中睡眠质量则往往较差。)Regardlessofthesettingorcircumstances,it’sthebreakingupofintenseperiodsofworkwithlongperiodsofrestandrecoverythatmakesthedifferencetohealthandwell-being.Weneedvacationstotakecareofourselves.无论环境或情况如何,真正对健康和福祉产生影响的是,用长时间的休息和恢复来打破高强度的工作周期。我们需要度假来关爱自己。
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