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每天更新一篇最新的外刊,双语学习。包含经济学人,读者文摘,今日美国报,泰晤士报,华盛顿邮报,美国新闻与世界报道,时代周刊,卫报,基督教科学箴言报,大西洋月刊,纽约时报,华盛顿邮报等数十种主流外刊
创建于:2024-08-21 16:28:16
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Electricvehiclesalsocauseairpollution电动汽车也会造成空气污染Thoughfume-free,theirbrakepadsandtyres disintegrate overtime尽管电动汽车无尾气排放,但其刹车片和轮胎会随时间逐渐磨损Peoplearedyingfor cleanair.AccordingtothemostrecentestimatesfromtheInstituteofHealthMetricsandEvaluationattheUniversityofWashington,airpollutioncaused4.7mearlydeathsworldwidein2021—aboutthesameasdementia,road-trafficaccidents,malariaandsuicidescombined.人们渴望呼吸清洁的空气。根据华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所的最新估算,2021年全球因空气污染导致的过早死亡人数高达470万,这一数字与痴呆症、道路交通事故、疟疾和自杀造成的死亡人数总和大致相当。Roadtrafficisaleadingcontributortodirtyair;in London,forinstance,itisresponsiblefor60%ofoutdoor particulate dust.Electricvehicles(EVs)areoftenpreferredbecausetheycanbepoweredbyclean,sustainableenergysourcesand,incontrasttopetrolanddieselcars,producenoexhaustfumes. 道路交通是空气污染的主要元凶之一。例如,在伦敦,道路交通产生的室外颗粒物灰尘占到了总量的60%。电动汽车之所以备受青睐,是因为它们可以由清洁、可持续的能源提供动力,而且与汽油车和柴油车不同,电动汽车不会产生尾气排放。ButEVsneverthelessemitother pollutants commontoallcars:particlesoriginatingnotfromtheexhaust,butfrombrakes,tyresandroads.These,too,canbedangerousforhumanhealth.然而,电动汽车同样会排放其他汽车常见的污染物:这些颗粒物并非来自尾气,而是源于刹车片、轮胎和道路的磨损。这些颗粒物同样会对人类健康构成威胁。Themostdangerousparticlesarethosesmallerthan2.5micronsindiameter,whichgetintothelungsandreachotherorgansviathebloodstream.Suchdustcanincreasetheriskofheartdisease,stroke,lungdiseaseandcancer. 最危险的颗粒物是那些直径小于2.5微米的颗粒,它们能够进入肺部,并通过血液循环到达其他器官。这种灰尘会增加患心脏病、中风、肺部疾病和癌症的风险。AccordingtoBritishgovernmentstatistics,60%ofroad-trafficparticlesbelow10micronsdonotcomefromthecombustion,butfromthegradualbreakdownoftyres,brakepadsandroads.根据英国政府的统计数据,在直径小于10微米的道路交通颗粒物中,有60%并非来自燃烧过程,而是源于轮胎、刹车片和路面的逐渐磨损。Inadditiontobeinglesswellregulatedthanexhaustfumes,non-exhaustparticlesarealsolesswellstudied.Thatischanging.OnestudypublishedinFebruarybyresearchersattheUniversityofSouthamptonfoundthatsomebrake-paddustseemstobemoredamagingtodish-grownhumanlungcellsthandiesel-fumeparticles.Thiswasinpartbecauseofitshigherlevelsofcopper,whichcandamagecellsandDNA.与尾气排放相比,非尾气颗粒物受到的监管较少,对其研究也相对不足。但这种情况正在发生改变。南安普顿大学的研究人员于今年2月发表的一项研究发现,一些刹车片粉尘对培养皿中的人类肺细胞的损害似乎比柴油尾气颗粒更为严重。这在一定程度上是因为刹车片粉尘中铜的含量较高,而铜会损害细胞和 DNA。Thoughexactfiguresareelusive,scientistsestimatethatEVsproducemoreofthesenon-exhaustparticlesthanothercars.Thisisbecausetheirbatteriesmakethemheavier,causingthemtogeneratemorefriction.(AccordingtoHannahRitchie,adatascientistattheUniversityofOxford,in2023themeanweightofanEVwas2,133kg,whereasregularcarsweighedaround1,500kginBritainand1,800kginAmerica.)Ascarscontinuetogetbigger,theriskisthatEVsbecomemorepolluting.尽管具体数据难以精确统计,但科学家们估计,电动汽车产生的非尾气颗粒物比其他汽车更多。这是因为电动汽车的电池使其重量增加,从而导致更多的摩擦产生。(据牛津大学的数据科学家汉娜·里奇称,2023年电动汽车的平均重量为2133千克,而英国普通汽车约为1500千克,美国约为1800千克。)随着汽车重量的不断增大,电动汽车的污染风险也在增加。AlthoughEVsmaybedirtierthanyouthink,theyarestillmostlylesspollutingthanothercars.Thatispartlybecausetheyuseanextrabrakingsystemcalledregenerativebraking. 尽管电动汽车可能比你想象的更“脏”,但总体而言,它们仍然比其他汽车更环保。这在一定程度上是因为电动汽车采用了额外的制动系统——再生制动。Whenthedriverremovestheirfootfromthepedal,thecontinuedforwardmotionofthecarisharvestedtorechargethebattery,therebyslowingthecardown.Thatsystemworksindependentlyofbrakepads,potentially eliminating onesourceofemissions. 当驾驶员松开踏板时,汽车的持续前行动力会被收集起来为电池充电,从而减缓车速。这一系统独立于刹车片工作,因此有可能消除一个污染排放源。Onestudyfrom2021estimatedthat,whenregenerativebrakingwasusedforallbraking,EVsproducedatotalofabout14milligramsoffineparticlespervehicleperkilometreonurbanroads,whereaspetrolcarsproducedabout18anddieselcars20(exhaustincluded).2021年的一项研究估计,在城市道路上,当完全使用再生制动来实现汽车制动时,电动汽车每公里每辆车产生的细颗粒物总量约为14毫克,而汽油车约为18毫克,柴油车则为20毫克(包括尾气排放)。Moreradicalstepscanalsobetaken.Regulatingnon-exhaustemissionsinasimilarwaytofumeswouldbeonewaytominimiseharmtohumanhealth.Encouragingpeopletoconsidersmallercars,thoughdifficult,wouldbeanother.Enormouscarsaredisastrousforroadsafetyandmostpeoplewillneverneedtheextrarangethatthelargestcarbatteriesprovide. 还可以采取更为激进的措施。像监管尾气排放一样监管非尾气排放,是减少对人体健康危害的一种方式。鼓励人们考虑购买更小的汽车,尽管困难重重,但也是另一种有效途径。大型汽车对道路安全构成严重威胁,而且大多数人永远不需要大型汽车电池所提供的额外续航里程。EnsuringEVsrunoncleanelectricityisalsoimportant:iftheirpowerisultimatelygeneratedbyburningcoal,say,thatjustmovesthepollutionfromtheexhausttothepowerplantchimney.ThoughEVsarenecessaryfortheenergytransition,theyarecurrentlyfarfromemission-free.确保电动汽车使用清洁电力也同样重要:例如,如果其电力最终是通过燃烧煤炭产生的,那么污染只是从尾气转移到了发电厂的烟囱里。尽管电动汽车对于能源转型至关重要,但目前它们还远未达到零排放的标准。
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Over65%ofcosmeticssoldononlinemarketplacesarefake在线市场上销售的化妆品中,超65%为假货Unwittingconsumersarebuyingfakecosmeticsonpopularonlinemarketplaceswhereamajorityofbeautyproductsarelikelytobecounterfeit,newresearchhasfound.最新研究发现,在热门在线市场上,多数美妆产品很可能是假货,而不知情的消费者正在购买这些假冒化妆品。Morethantwothirds(67percent)ofproductsboughtfromonlinemarketplacessuchasAmazon,eBay,TikTokShopandVintedwerelikelytobeimitationsoftheadvertisedbrands,accordingtoconsumerrightscompanyWhich.消费者权益公司 Which 表示,从亚马逊、易贝(eBay)、TikTok 商店和 Vinted 等在线市场购买的产品中,超过三分之二(67%)的产品很可能是所宣传品牌的仿冒品。BypurchasingpopularlabelssuchasCharlotteTilbury,LaRoche-Posay,Maybelline,TheOrdinaryandMac,researchersperformedvisualchecksontheproducts'packagingandcontents.Theirinvestigationfoundthatofthe34productssampled,23werelikelytobefakes.研究人员购买了夏洛特·蒂尔伯里、理肤泉、美宝莲、TheOrdinary 和魅可等热门品牌产品,并对产品包装和内容物进行了外观检查。调查发现,在抽样的34种产品中,有23种很可能是假货。Thesixproductsboughtfromsecond-handmarketplaceVintedwerelikelycounterfeits,theinvestigationfound,whilefivesoldonTikTokShopwerefakes.Ebaywasslightlylesslikelytosellfakeswitheightoutof11testedproductsprobablycounterfeits,whileforAmazonitwasfouroutofthe11productstested.调查发现,从二手交易平台 Vinted 购买的6种产品很可能是假货,而在 TikTok 商店销售的5种产品也是假货。易贝上售卖的假货比例稍低,在测试的11种产品中,有8种可能是假货,而亚马逊则是11种产品中有4种可能是假货。Thereportpointedtothepossiblehealthrisksassociatedwithunknowinglyusingfakecosmetics,astheymaynothaveundergonethesameleveloftestingandmaynothavebeensubjecttothesamelegalrequirementsforsafetyandtraceability.报告指出,消费者在不知情的情况下使用假冒化妆品可能存在健康风险,因为这些产品可能未经过相同程度的测试,也可能未遵循相同的安全性和可追溯性法律要求。Counterfeitbeautyproductscancontainpossiblecancer-causingtoxicchemicalssuchasarsenic,leadandmercury,andinsomecasestheyhavebeenfoundtocontainanimalfaecesorurineasstabilisers.假冒美妆产品可能含有砷、铅和汞等可能致癌的有毒化学物质,在某些情况下,还发现其中含有动物粪便或尿液作为稳定剂。Researchersclaimedthatfakeproductswereparticularlydifficulttospotandthatitonlybecameapparentwhichwerethedupeswhencomparedside-by-sidewiththerealones.研究人员称,假冒产品特别难以辨别,只有与真品并排比较时,才能看出哪些是仿冒品。OnespecificproducttestedwastheCharlotteTilburyAirbrushFlawlessSettingSpray,whichofficiallyretailsfor£32butafakeversionwassoldonAmazonforaninflatedpriceof£37.90.研究人员测试的一款具体产品是夏洛特·蒂尔伯里的柔焦持久定妆喷雾,其官方零售价为32英镑,但亚马逊上销售的假冒版本售价却高达37.90英镑。Onlya"cloyingfloralscent"allowedresearcherstodistinguishthefakeproductfromtherealone,whichinallotherwayswasidentical.Anotherproduct,theMacMacximalsilkymattelipstickinshadeRubyWoo,whichofficiallysellsforaround£25,wasfoundonVintedfor£15.只有“甜腻的花香”让研究人员能够区分出假冒产品和真品,在其他方面,假冒产品与真品完全相同。另一款产品是魅可(Mac)的丝缎柔雾唇膏,色号为 RubyWoo,官方售价约为25英镑,但在 Vinted 上售价为15英镑。TheWhichinvestigationnoticedthatalthoughthelipstickarrivedinasimilarpackage,thebrand'slogowasslightlysmudgedanddidnotappeartobethesameastheoriginaldesign.Which 的调查发现,虽然这款唇膏的包装相似,但品牌标志有些模糊,与原始设计不同。Someproducts,however,weremoreobviouslydifferentfromtherealbrands,withmanyfeaturingmisspellingsorstylisticdiscrepanciesonthelabels,aswellasobviouschangesinthecontents.然而,有些产品与真品差异明显,许多产品标签上有拼写错误或风格差异,内容物也有明显变化。Anexamplecitedwasthe£12VintedversionoftheLaRoche-PosayEffaclarSerum,whichofficiallysellsfor£40.Researchersfoundthecontentssmelled"suspiciously"likeshampoo.文中举了一个例子,即 Vinted 上售价12英镑的理肤泉清痘净肤细致精华液,其官方售价为40英镑。研究人员发现,该产品内容物闻起来“可疑地”像洗发水。Ontopofthis,thetextonthesideofthetubewascompletelydifferentfromtheversionboughtthroughanofficialretailer.Thereportwarnedshopperstostayvigilantwhenbuyingtheseitemsonthird-partysitesandcalledforthegovernmentto"urgently"reformconsumerprotections.此外,软管侧面的文字与通过官方零售商购买的产品完全不同。报告警告消费者在第三方网站上购买这些产品时要保持警惕,并呼吁政府“紧急”改革消费者保护措施。RocioConcha,policyandadvocacydirectorforWhich,said:"It'salarmingthatWhichwasabletofindsuchhighvolumesofwhatappearedtobepotentiallydangerouscounterfeitcosmeticsonpopularonlinemarketplaces,whereteenagersinparticulararelikelytobeenticedbywhatseemtobebigdiscountsonpopularbrands."Which 的政策和宣传总监罗西奥·康查表示:“令人震惊的是,Which 能够在热门在线市场上发现如此大量的潜在危险假冒化妆品,尤其是青少年很可能会被这些热门品牌看似的大幅折扣所吸引。”Consumersshouldbeasconfidentintheproductstheybuyonlineastheitemsthattheypurchaseonthehighstreet,butinrealitytheyriskbuyinguntested,unregulatedandpotentiallytoxiccosmetics.消费者在网上购买产品时,应该和在商业街购买产品一样有信心,但实际上,他们可能会买到未经测试、未经监管且可能有毒的化妆品。
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HowDaylightSavingTimeaffectsyoursleepanddiet夏令时如何影响你的睡眠和饮食Thisannualtimeshifthaslong-lastingeffectsonhealth这一每年一次的时间调整会对健康产生持久影响Asclocksspringforwardinthe northernhemisphere,manypeoplewillbelookingforwardtolonger,sunnierevenings—afew groggy morningsisapricethey’reprobablywillingtopay. 随着北半球时钟进入夏令时(时钟拨快一小时),许多人都在期待更漫长、阳光更充足的夜晚——即便要忍受几天昏昏沉沉的早晨,他们或许也觉得值得。Butagrowingbodyofresearchsuggeststhattheyoughttobemorecautious.ThearrivalofDaylightSavingTime(DST)seemstohavelong-lastingnegativeeffectsonhumanhealth.但越来越多的研究表明,人们应当更加谨慎。夏令时(简称 DST)的到来似乎会对人体健康产生长期的负面影响。Thehumanbodyclock,knownasthecircadianrhythm,livesinaregionofthebrain’shypothalamusknownasthesuprachiasmaticnucleus(SCN). 人体的生物钟,即昼夜节律,位于大脑下丘脑一个被称为视交叉上核(SCN)的区域。Itdetermineswhetheryoufeelawakeorsleepybyregulatingtheproductionofmelatonin,thesleepinesshormone,andcortisol,astresshormonethatpromotesalertness.Itisalsoessentialforthetimingofbodilyfunctions,includingtheexpressionofgenesandregulationofmetabolismandmood.它通过调节褪黑素(一种让人产生困意的激素)和皮质醇(一种促进警觉性的应激激素)的分泌,来决定我们是感到清醒还是困倦。生物钟对于调节身体机能的时间也至关重要,包括基因表达、新陈代谢和情绪调节。Whatsetsthebodyclocktickingisaperson’sexposuretolight,particularlythebluewavelengthsthataremoreprevalentinthemorning.SpecialisedcellsintheretinasendinstructionstotheSCNand,whentheclockissetoffcorrectlyinthemorning,sleephormonesappearattherighttimeintheeveningandpeoplewakeupnaturallyattherighttimethenextday.决定生物钟运转的是一个人暴露在光线下的情况,尤其是早晨更为常见的蓝光波长。视网膜中的特殊细胞会向视交叉上核发送指令。当早晨生物钟被正确设定时,睡眠激素会在晚上适时分泌,人们也会在第二天自然醒来。Standardtime,whatsomemaythinkofaswintertime,morecloselyalignswiththenaturallight-darkcyclesofdayandnight.Onstandardtime,peoplegetmoreblueearly-morninglight,thussettingofftheirbodyclocksproperly. 标准时间,也就是一些人所说的冬令时,更贴近昼夜的自然明暗循环。在标准时间下,人们能接触到更多早晨的蓝光,从而正确设定生物钟。NotonlyistherelessofthismorninglightduringDST,theextrahouroflightintheeveningsmakesthingsworsebyinterferingwithmelatoninproduction—thusdelayingthe onset ofsleep.Allthisaddsuptoa misalignment ofsleep-and-wakerhythmsduringDST,anditalsoplays havoc withthereleaseofcortisol,ghrelin(ahungerhormone)andleptin(thesatietyhormone).而在夏令时期间,早晨的蓝光不仅减少,晚上多出的一小时光照更会干扰褪黑素的分泌,从而延迟入睡时间。这一切都导致夏令时期间睡眠-觉醒节律失调,同时也会打乱皮质醇、饥饿素(一种饥饿激素)和瘦素(一种饱腹感激素)的分泌。AstudyintheJournalofHealthEconomicsin2019lookedatpeoplelivingonoppositesidesofatimezoneinAmerica.OnthelateSunside(ineffectanhourbehindtheearlySunside),onaveragepeopleweresleeping19minutesfewereverydayduringDST,were11%morelikelytobeoverweightandobese,andtheirwageswere3%lower. 2019 年发表在《健康经济学杂志》上的一项研究调查了居住在美国一个时区东西两侧的人。在晚日照一侧(实际上比早日照一侧晚一小时),夏令时期间,人们平均每天少睡 19 分钟,超重和肥胖的可能性高出 11%,工资也低 3%。Otherstudiesshowthatthechroniceffectsareworseforteenagers,whoarealreadybiologicallypronetobeingalertatnight.Theylose32minutesanight.其他研究表明,对于本就容易在夜间保持清醒的青少年来说,夏令时的长期影响更为严重,他们每晚少睡 32 分钟。ThesuddenshifttoDSTitselfalsobringsshort-termhealthandsafetyrisks.Onestudyshowedthat,inthemorningafterthetimeshift,participantslostabout40minutesofsleep,onaverage. 突然切换到夏令时本身也会带来短期的健康和安全风险。一项研究表明,在时间调整后的那个早晨,参与者平均少睡约 40 分钟。Furtherproblemsincludeaspikeinstrokes(8%),heartattacks(24%),suicides(6%),andaslightincreaseinfataltrafficaccidents.Moreover,researchershavenotedanimpactonepisodesofdepression,andstudiesinmicehavetiedDSTto inflammatory boweldisease.进一步的问题还包括中风(增加 8%)、心脏病发作(增加 24%)、自杀(增加 6%)以及致命交通事故略有增加。此外,研究人员还注意到,抑郁症的发作也受到了影响,而对小鼠的研究则将夏令时与炎症性肠病联系起来。Therearewaystoreducesomeofthesehealthproblems.EvaWinnebeck,achronobiologistattheUniversityofSurrey,saysthatsittingoutsideinthemorning(withoutsunglasses)canresetthebiologicalclock. 有一些方法可以减少这些健康问题。萨里大学的生物节律学家伊娃·温内贝克表示,早晨坐在户外(不戴太阳镜)可以重置生物钟。Avoidingtheglareofscreenslateatnightwillalsohelp,aswillchangingyourhome’slightingtowarmerhuesintheeveningtolessenthedampeningeffectofbrightlightontheproductionofmelatonin. 避免深夜盯着刺眼的屏幕也有帮助,晚上将家里的灯光调成暖色调,也能减轻强光对褪黑素分泌的抑制作用。Thereisnothingtostopyoufromenjoyingthelongevenings,ofcourse,whetheryoudecidetodosomegardeningorplaygolf.Butperhapsconsiderwearingorange-tintedglassesthatfilteroutanybluelight.Youmightlookalittlestrange,butcanyoureallyputapriceonagoodnight’ssleep?当然,这并不妨碍你享受漫长的夜晚,无论你是打算做些园艺还是打高尔夫球。但或许可以考虑戴一副能过滤蓝光的橙色眼镜。你可能会看起来有点奇怪,但一夜安眠难道是能用钱买到的吗?
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