Barebranches光棍危机China’salarmingseximbalance令人担忧的性别失衡问题“OfcourseIwanttogetmarried,”saysFu,alorrydriverinYiyang,a far-flung countyinJiangxiprovince.Onceamigrantworker,the36-year-oldreturnedtothevillagetolivewithhisageingparents.Theyareanxiousforhimto tietheknot.“Buttherearefewwomen,”hesighs.Theeligiblegirlsaroundhimareallspokenfor;othershavelefttoworkincities.“我当然想结婚,”来自江西省偏远县城益阳的卡车司机傅师傅说道。现年36岁的他曾是一名农民工,如今回到村里与年迈的父母同住。父母都盼着他早日成家。“但村里姑娘太少了,”他无奈地叹了口气。身边适龄女孩大多已名花有主,剩下的也都进城打工去了。Fu’splightisnotuncommon.Menlikehimareknownas guanggun—barebranches,unabletobearfruit.Theirnumbersbegantoincreasemorethanadecadeago.Butthescaleoftheproblemisnowbecomingclear. 傅师傅的困境并非个例。像他这样的男性被称为“光棍”——无法开枝散叶的“枯枝”。这类群体自十余年前开始激增,而如今问题的严重性已清晰可见。TheEconomist hasanalyseddatafromtheUN’sWorldPopulationProspects,a biennial report,andfromChina’s2020census.Thedatarevealthatthesexratio—thenumberofmenforevery100women—amongmenaged23-37andwomenaged22-36willhitapeakof119by2027.(Thosearetheagesbetweenwhich80%ofeachsexgetsmarried.)Itisthenpredictedtoremainhighfordecades.In2012theratiowasjust105.本刊分析了联合国《世界人口展望》双年度报告以及中国2020年人口普查数据:预计到2027年,23-37岁男性与22-36岁女性性别比将达到119:100的峰值。(此年龄段覆盖了80%的适婚人群。)预计未来数十年内,这一比例都将维持高位。而在2012年,这一比例仅为105:100。Thatmeansthatin2027therewillbe22.5mmorementhanwomeninthosecohorts,byfarthelargestnumberof“surplus”youngmaleseverrecordedanywhere.Whatismore,theshareofunmarriedmenaged25-39shotupfrom13%to30%from2006to2022.这意味着到2027年,该年龄段男性将比女性多出2250万人,创下全球范围内“剩男”数量的历史纪录。更严峻的是,2006年至2022年间,25-39岁未婚男性的比例从13%飙升至30%。Itwasbroughtaboutbythearrivalinthe1980sofcheapultrasoundmachines,whichallowedparentsacrossAsiatotellthesexoftheirunbornchild.Thewidespreadpreferenceforsonsopenedthedoortosex-selective abortions.InSouthKoreathesexratioatbirthhitabriefpeakof117in1994,beforefallingto106in2012,whereithasroughlyremained.InIndiaitwas109aslateas2010(in2024itwas107).IndevelopedcountrieslikeAmericaandBritain,itwasaround105in2024.危机源于1980年代廉价超声设备的普及,使亚洲父母得以检测胎儿性别。重男轻女传统催生了选择性堕胎。韩国新生儿性别比曾在1994年短暂达到117峰值,2012年回落至106后保持稳定;印度该数值2010年仍高达109(2024年为107);英美等发达国家2024年约为105。InChinatheproblemwasmadeworsebydemographicengineering.In1973thecountrybegantryingtoreduceitspopulationwiththe“later,longerandfewer”campaign.Thiswasfollowedbythe draconian one-childpolicyin1979.Beinggivenjustonechancedramaticallyloweredcouples’chancesofhavingaboynaturally,andfurtherincentivisedsexselection.Asaresult,Chinahassufferedbyfartheworstimbalanceinitssexratioatbirth.在中国,人口调控政策进一步加剧了这一问题。1973年推行的“晚、稀、少”生育政策以及1979年严格推行的独生子女政策,使家庭自然生育男孩的几率骤降,性别选择愈演愈烈。这导致中国新生儿性别失衡程度远超他国。Nowthatthoseboysaregrownup,migrationisaddingtotheirwoes.The2020censusshowedthesexratioforyoungadultswas106inurbanareasand120inruralones.Youngruralwomenwhomovetothecityoftenmarryricherurbanmen.Butchangingsocial mores aroundmarriagemeanmanybetter-educatedurbanwomendonotwanttogetmarriedatall,letalonetoruralmen,shrinkingthedatingpoolyetfurther. 如今,这些男孩已长大成人,而人口流动又加剧了他们的婚恋困境。2020年人口普查数据显示,城市地区青年人口性别比为106,农村地区则高达120。进城务工的农村女性往往选择嫁给条件更优越的城市男性,而社会观念的转变又让许多高学历城市女性不愿结婚,更遑论嫁给农村男性,这使得适婚人群进一步减少。StatisticsreleasedonFebruary8thshowedthatthenumberofmarriagesinChinain2024fellby20%fromthepreviousyear,to6.1m.Thatislessthanhalfthenumberregisteredin2013,andthelowestnumbersincethe1980s.2月8日公布的数据显示,2024年中国结婚登记数较上年下降20%,仅为610万对,不足2013年登记量的一半,创下1980年代以来新低。Some guanggunareresignedtotheirfate.Guo,a38-year-oldmusicianinShangrao,neartoFu’svillage,hasbeenonacoupleofblinddates.Onone,hemetanoverachieverwhostudiedinGermanyandworkedasamanagerforacarcompany.Itwas“useless”,hesays.Onanotherdate,thewoman“scrutinisedmyfamilybackgroundasifitwereabusinessdeal”.一些光棍已经认命。上饶38岁音乐人郭先生(与傅师傅邻村)经历过数次相亲,但都无果而终。一次遇到留德归来的汽车公司女高管,郭先生坦言“根本不可能”,还有一次遭遇女方“像谈生意一样盘问我的家底”。Aswomengrowscarcertheyalsobecomemorevaluable.Brideprices(apaymentfromthegroom’sfamilytothebride’stosealthemarriage)havesoared.OnesurveyinLiaoning,anorth-easternprovince,foundthatthebridepriceinruralareasjumpedfrom68,000yuan($9,000)in2016to176,000yuanin2020,adjustingforinflation.Another,across11provinces,foundthatcostsofmarriage(includingexpenseslikehousingandmatchmaking)forruralmaleswere7.6timeshigherafter2010thanbefore2000.随着女性资源愈发稀缺,其“身价”也水涨船高。彩礼(男方家庭向女方家庭支付的聘礼)不断攀升。东北某省的一项调查显示,农村地区彩礼金额从2016年的6.8万元(约合9000美元)飙升至2020年的17.6万元(按通胀调整后)。另一项覆盖11个省份的调查发现,2010年后农村男性的结婚成本(包括购房、婚介等费用)是2000年前的7.6倍。Theshortageofwomenhashadotherside-effects.BetweenJulyandDecemberof2018theChinesegovernment,workingwithpoliceinMyanmar,Cambodia,Laos,VietnamandThailand,jointlyrescued1,130foreignwomenwhohadbeentraffickedintoChinatobemarried.TheCommunistParty,obsessedwithsocialstability,alsoworriesalotaboutrootlessyoungmenwithnofamilyprospects.性别失衡还引发了一系列连锁反应。2018年7月至12月,中国政府联合缅甸、柬埔寨、老挝、越南、泰国警方,共解救了1130名被拐卖至中国成婚的外籍女性。对中国而言,这些无家无业的年轻男性不仅威胁社会稳定,更是一颗潜在的“定时炸弹”。Theratioinyoungadultswillremainabove115wellintothe2040s.Themainhopeisthat,sincepeakinginthemid-2000s,thesexratioatbirthhasdeclined.Culturalchangesandfemaleeconomicempowermenthavechippedawayatcouples’preferenceforsons.Eventually,thenumbersofyoungmenandwomencouldequalise.Butthatwillcomeaslittleconsolationfortoday’sruralbachelors.预计到2040年代,中国青年人口性别比仍将维持在115以上。唯一的好消息是,出生人口性别比自2005年中期达到峰值后已开始回落。随着文化观念的转变和女性经济地位的提升,人们对男孩的偏好正在逐渐减弱,未来男女比例有望趋于平衡。但对当下的农村光棍而言,这不过是远水难解近渴的安慰。(红色标注词为重难点词汇)重难点词汇:far-flung [ˌfɑːr ˈflʌŋ]adj. 广布的;遥远的tietheknot 结婚;喜结连理biennial [baɪˈeniəl]adj. 两年一次的abortion [əˈbɔːrʃn]n. 流产;堕胎;夭折draconian [drəˈkoʊniən]adj. 严苛的;严厉的;苛刻的mores [ˈmɔːreɪz]n. 习俗;风尚;道德规范
